Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Land use function 2 2.2. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Download. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. 1401 Constitution Ave NW Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. Trade. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Title. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Agriculture. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Official websites use .gov Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Kassaye Tolassa . Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. Agriculture. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Advanced Search Citation Search . In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming . 2. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Cookies on OCLC websites. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. D. espite the countr. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Productivity and technology. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. Agriculture. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Practically all animals are range-fed. Wubne, Mulatu. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners.

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