Critically, though, a rump of 13,000 dissident Irish Volunteers remained in Ireland, rejecting the war.

The press coined it the ‘Sinn Féin rebellion’ after a fringe nationalist political group that was not involved in the uprising. Redmond's decision to gamble his party's popularity on the war appeared successful.

Journalist Warren Wells described it as watching “blood dripping from under a closed door”, while the MP John Dillon, a moderate Irish nationalist who had promoted Ireland staying in the UK, declared in parliament: “You are washing out our whole life-work in a sea of blood.”Dillon was right. The rising proved more violent and enduring than its organisers could have imagined.Britain's response to the rising was hardly draconian. Roger Casement, who had been arrested in the days before the rising, was hanged in London on August 3, 1916, the only leader to be executed outside of Ireland.The execution of the rebel leaders resonated deeply in Ireland. Future generations of republicans, whether opposed to the limitations of southern Ireland's sovereignty or the partition of the nation, would look to the Easter Rising as both an inspiration and a justification for their own unmandated acts of violence. Their strategy had, in any case, always indicated a certain degree of defeatism.

An Irish aristocrat with rebel sympathies, Sir Roger Casement, who had arranged the delivery of the weapons, was arrested by the British and ultimately executed for treason.The rising was also originally intended to occur across Ireland, but the secrecy of the planning and confused communications meant nearly all the action occurred in the city of Dublin.The original date set for the rising was to be Easter Sunday, April 23, 1916, but was delayed one day to Easter Monday. Although they had successfully made contact with Germany, the steamer sent to Ireland, the 'Aud', was intercepted by the British navy on Easter Saturday, dooming the rising to failure. But at a cost: the decades of violence that attended the dream of establishing a 32-county independent republic. By the end of the rising, large parts of the city centre had been devastated by artillery bombardment and fire.

Zoning in on the headquarters at the post office, the artillery dislodged the rebels by Friday night.

With the military situation hopeless, the rebels decided to bow to the inevitable and surrender.Yet, once they had laid down their arms, the rebels found that the British were in no mood for clemency. Believing that “England’s difficulty is Ireland’s opportunity”, they proved easy targets for IRB machinations.Two other organisations also provided the rising’s fighters: Cumann na mBan, a women’s nationalist group, and the Irish Citizen Army, a socialist workers’ militia of around 339 members, led by James Connolly, formed to protect striking workers in 1913.

The north almost certainly would have remained British. By 1916, many questioned when Home Rule would be granted given the unexpected longevity of the war and the influx of anti-Home Rule unionists to Cabinet in May 1915.There were also deep concerns that mandatory conscription to fight in the war would be extended to include Irish men.The late and greatly talented Keith Jeffery wrote of how the threat of conscription Aversion towards service in the British crown forces had been a pillar of republican and separatist activity at least since the second Boer war of 1899-1902. So while the Easter Rising may have been a tactical disaster, in the long run it became a powerful symbol and led to the Irish War of Independence and the creation of an independent Irish nation.There was an error. For rebel ideologue Patrick Pearse: “The old heart of the earth needed to be warmed by the red wine of the battlefield.” The reality proved rather less bucolic: local police and soldiers were shot and killed without warning when the uprising began.Ironically the rebels who caused such casualties – a disparate coalition of four groups – had greater social and gender justice as one of their aims.

Three of the top leaders, Patrick Pearse, Thomas Clarke, and Thomas McDonagh, were quickly convicted. It was too late. (quoted in Foy and Barton, Easter Rising, p.287). In plotting, they succeeded where no previous Irish rebellion had before, most notably by successfully shutting out spies and informers.Only in the weeks immediately prior to the Rising did the police manage to secure two human intelligence sources – and even these were relatively low level. Rather they felt that a heroic gesture was required to reawaken the spirit of militant Irish nationalism. So the rebellion quickly turned into a collection of sieges at various locations in the city.During the week of the rising there were intense street battles at some locations, and a number of rebels, British soldiers, and civilians, were wounded and killed.

The killings of men viewed as Irish patriots served to galvanize public opinion, both in Ireland and in the Irish exile community in America. The leaders of the Easter Rising looked beyond Ireland's shores for help with their fight for independence. Irish support for the war effort had begun to diminish from the spring of 1915 onwards.

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