A schedule for completing research, development, engineering, and testing is also established. Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons. He orders key engineering decisions for plutonium production, under debate for months, be made in 5 days.Gen. Scientist-administrators (as opposed to academic or research scientists) came to the forefront for running large scale research efforts. Lt. Col. Paul Tibbets will take over as pilot, Deak Parsons will fly as weaponeer. M. Sundt Company is appointed contractor to build Los Alamos Laboratory in a handshake deal. The purpose of these tests was to reduce the size, weight, and amount of fissile material necessary for nuclear weapons, while simultaneously increasing their destructive power.The U.S. conducts the "George" nuclear test at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific Ocean as part of Operation Greenhouse. 1102 (Nagasaki time): Fat Man explodes at 1950 feet near the perimeter of the city, scoring a direct hit on the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works. Bombing date is set for August 11.Lt.

conducts shot Boltzmann of Operation Plumbbob, a light-weight "boosted" nuclear warhead that yielded 12 kilotons.

Pres. Only planning for deployment and combat use once the U-235 is delivered is now required (although studies of an improved gun design, begun on Dec. 7 and later abandoned, are underway).Planning for an implosion bomb test begins in earnest.Initiator tests begin. It was the second in the Operation Greenhouse series of nuclear weapons tests. He argues that redundant development will reduce the time to successful production to the shortest possible time, regardless of cost.J. This establishes the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) which assumes responsibility for all Manhattan Engineering District (MED) properties.The Soviets achieve their first nuclear chain reaction in a graphite lattice that was much like Enrico Fermi's reactor at the Chicago Met Lab (CP-1).The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission takes over the Manhattan Project's research and production facilities from the Manhattan Engineer District.US military conducts shot Yoke of Operation Sandstone, the first fission weapon to use a levitated core design.The Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in Asia near Semipalatinsk. In order of choice it is: Hiroshima, Kokura, and Niigata.

Arthur H. Compton creates the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago to act as a consolidated research center.
James Tuck brings the idea of explosives lenses for detonation wave shaping (2-D lenses for plane wave generation originally proposed by M. J. Poole in England, 1942), but suggests developing 3-D lenses to create a spherical implosion.The 50 milliwatt Water Boiler reactor goes critical at Los Alamos, NM. Explosive lenses and nuclear material are not yet available, the bomb assemblies are used for airdrop and ground handling practice.Processing of irradiated uranium slugs to separate plutonium begins at Hanford, WA.Y-12 Plant output reaches an average of 204 grams of 80% U-235 a day; projected production of sufficient material for a bomb (~40 kg) is July 1.Usable barrier tubes begin arriving at the K-25 Plant.160 g of plutonium from the X-10 Graphite Reactor is on hand at Los Alamos, NM. Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance is revoked by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission after numerous accusations that he passed atomic secrets to the Soviets.The United States conducts Shot Hornet at the Nevada Test Site on March 12, 1955. 0916:02 (8:16:02 Hiroshima time) Little Boy explodes at an altitude of 1850 feet, 550 feet from the aim point, the Aioi Bridge, with a yield of 12.5-18 Kt (best estimate is 15 Kt). The RDS-1 bomb was an implosion weapon containing a solid plutonium core that was modeled after the American Fat Man bomb.Harry Truman announces the explosion of the first Soviet atomic bomb, which came to be known as "Joe-1" (for Joseph Stalin) or First Lightning, to the American public.The General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission, chaired by J. Robert Oppenheimer, publishes a report on the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb. The physicists argue for urgent government attention, but Adamson is hostile. By April 15 he makes a preliminary estimate of a spontaneous fission rate of over 50 fissions/kg-sec (due to Pu-240 contamination), far too high for gun assembly.

Fat Man unit F33 is dropped in practice bomb run. The first shipment from Hanford, WA has not yet arrived.Substantial production of ~0.85% enriched uranium begins at the S-50 Plant, with ten of 21 racks going in to operation.The Dragon experiment conducted by Otto Frisch, in which a U-235 hydride slug is dropped through a barely subcritical U-235 hydride assembly, creates the world's first assembly critical through prompt neutrons alone (prompt critical). Included are Niels Bohr, Otto Frisch, Rudolf Peierls, James Chadwick, William Penney, George Placzek, Philip B. He selects liquid thermal diffusion as the technique to pursue.Glenn Seaborg and his research team discover plutonium.The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) at the Carnegie Institution measures the fast cross-section of uranium-235. The United States conducts Shot Charlie on April 22, 1952, the third in the Operation Tumbler Snapper series of nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site.

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