Unlike many spacecraft, CryoSat 2 does not have solarwings.- Unequivocal evidence of changingpolar ice comes largely from satellites. There has been anothertransponder placed in Rome, Italy which was used for the Envisatsigma-0 calibration.The Sentinel-3 altimeter calibrationsite is expected to be fully operational in early 2014, that is aboutone year prior to the Sentinel-3A launch.

But evenwith a decade of CryoSat measurements, the seasonal cycle of sea-icegrowth and decay is still too large to confidently detect a long-termtrend in volume, and so continued observation is essential.- Eventually, the advancing icefront is expected to break off as part of the natural ice shelf cycle,but these are rather episodic events that only happen every few yearsor sometimes decades. The issue of diminishing icelinked to climate change is a real concern, and over the last 10 yearsthis mission has been a game changer.- CRISTAL will fill the recognizedgap in sustained long-term monitoring of polar ice variability for theCopernicus Climate Change Service and Copernicus Marine EnvironmentMonitoring Service, maritime security and international ice charting,and in support of the EU Integrated Arctic Policy and commitments tothe Paris Agreement and Green New Deal.It has long been known thatwind-driven directional properties of the ice sheet surface can affectthe signal received by radar altimeters, but has never been seen soclearly. In addition, the 30 day subcycle providesapproximately monthly coverage of the sea ice fluctuations.- “We can see that this canyon is deepening by about 7 m a year and that the ice above is heavily crevassed.• Solar panels on thesatellite's back are being added to account for the additional powerrequirements. These lakes are of great interest toscientists who are trying to understand water transport and icedynamics beneath the frozen Antarctic surface – but thisinformation is not easy to obtain.- CryoSat-2’s radar altimeterdetects tiny variations in the height of the ice across the entirecontinent, including on the steeper continental margins where the vastmajority of ice losses occur.- CryoSat’s radar altimeterdetects tiny variations in the height of the ice across the entirecontinent, including on the steeper continental margins where the vastmajority of ice losses occur. The usual spatial resolution of a few kilometers has been improved to less than 1 km (image credit: University of Edinburgh) The advance or retreat of ice shelves is determined by abalance between mass gain from the flow of ice behind and snowfall ontop, and mass loss through ocean melting at the base or iceberg calvingat the edge.The melting of ice sheets thatblanket Antarctica and Greenland is a major contributor to globalsea-level rise. Theirtask was to take measurements of the Arctic sea ice using a suite ofsensors on a different aircraft, as well as to measure snow and icedepth meticulously by hand on the ice – all the while keeping aneye out for polar bears. Therefore, you have to gofurther from the coast to obtain accurate observations withconventional altimeters. Ice that forms and melts in the ocean onlyhas a very tiny effect on sea level – the melting of ice sheetsand glaciers that overlie land are the main causes of sea-level rise,along with the thermal expansion of the water.In interferometric mode (SARIn), asecond receiving antenna is activated to measure the arrival angle. They provide a measurement range of atleast ± 60.000 nT with an accuracy of better than 0.5 % fullscale.- CryoSatmeasurements yield high-spatial resolution information and cover theArctic every month. Itwill be interesting to see how ocean current and air temperature modelswill benefit from a better understanding of the sea-ice fields.”PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency)Regular PRF in LRM, burst mode in SAR/SARInFrom a system architectureperspective, the efficiency of the DDA provides for less transmittedpower by the instrument and the potential for smaller and lighterspacecraft components - and thus a less costly mission - when comparedto conventional altimeters with a similar design life.- Dr. Konrad added, “Thesedifferences emphasize the complex nature of ice-sheet instabilityacross the continent, and being able to detect them helps us topinpoint areas that deserve further investigation.”By combining new measurementsacquired by CryoSat-2 with older data from NASA’s ICESatsatellite, the Cryosat team has mapped the large crater left behind bya lake, and even determined the scale of the flood that formed it.- CryoSat-2 measures the height ofice – both of that floating in the polar oceans and of the vastice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica.

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