Lance gave us the context, made the struggle comprehensible.

“ Unlike in the Northern states, the only elected officials in Virginia were federal congressmen and state legislators; all the rest were either selected by the legislature or appointed by the governor or the county courts, which were self-perpetuating oligarchies that dominated local government. Gordon S. Wood, "The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution" I want to talk about the origins of the Constitution. Instead of being governed by their representatives in the assembly, the people would be subject to the will of a few individuals in the court, "who united in their own persons the legislative and judiciary powers," making the courts more despotic than the Roman decemvirate or of any monarchy in Europe.Both Jefferson and Madison remained convinced to the end of their lives that all parts of America's government had equal authority to interpret the fundamental law of the Constitution-all departments had what Madison called a concurrent right to expound the constitution.Once the Constitution became a legal rather than a political document, judicial review, although not judicial supremacy, became inevitable.Only "those few, who being attached to no particular occupation themselves," said Smith, "have leisure and inclination to examine the occupations of other people.THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION of 1787 was designed in part to solve the problems created by the presence in the state legislatures of these middling men. Way Professor of History Emeritus at Brown University.
Gordon Wood is one of the most prominent and prolific American historians of the modern era. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. He served abroad with the United States Air Force and completed a master’s degree at Harvard. Gordon S. Wood is Alva O. He was a realist who had no illusions about human nature.

“Hamilton may truly be “the man who made modern America.” We’d love your help. In addition to correcting the deficiencies of the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution was intended to restrain the excesses of democracy and protect minority rights from overbearing majorities in the state legislatures. Gordon Wood is the favorite historian of America's liberal establishment. As a historical problem: why do we have the Constitution? It teaches wisdom and humility, and it tells us how things change through time.Intellectual activity in a culture is not a one-way flow between the great minds and passive recipients; it is a discourse, a complex marketplace-like conglomeration of intellectual exchanges involving many participants all trying to manipulate the ideas available to them in order to explain, justify, lay blame for, or otherwise make sense of what is happening around them. “The motives which predominate most human affairs,” he said, “are self-love and self-interest.” The common people, like the common soldiers in his army, could not be expected to be “influenced by any other principles than those of interest.” “As Oliver Ellsworth, the third chief justice of the United States, declared, “As population increases, poor labourers will be so plenty as to render slaves useless. The common people, like the common soldiers in his army, could not be expected to be "influenced by any other principles than those of interest.But what is worse than all," observed the English traveler Isaac Weld, "these wretches in their combat endeavor to their utmost to tear out each other's testicles.

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