of research, simplicity, etc.

Other philosophers sought to salvage an internalist account In this time period, it was accepted by many political theorists that the United States was undergoing a crisis of legitimacy.In the mid-1960s, the legitimacy of the United States government was challenged when citizens began to question the Parsons, T. "Authority, Legitimation, and Political Actions" The legitimation crisis, itself, was the result of several economic and political reforms made by the The CPC faced a new legitimation crisis with the move toward capitalism, as it violated the terms of the previously established social contract (inflation rose, the income gap widened, job insecurity increased, social welfare programs deteriorated and social evils returned) and the CPC's claim to one-party rule was challenged, as the public began to wonder why they were necessary as a party if socialism had failed and capitalism was the answer;In the twentieth-century, as African states adjusted to postcolonial independence, legitimation crises and state collapse were constant threats.In other African countries, state collapse was not a strictly postcolonial issue, as most states had some success transferring between regimes. theories -or the refusal to give them any serious consideration as long In the philosophical debates which followed the collapse ofthe foundationalistic epistemology of the empiricist consensus, many philosopherswere persuaded by "theory-ladeness" and "holism" to abandon the old hopefor an account of a normative scientific rationality which would reveala timeless set of rules, applicable to all sciences, for determining whatscientific beliefs the ideal, rational …

"externalist" options for characterizing the reasoning processes which do not imply that there is no rationality for deciding which theory to to the conclusion that the "facts" most likely to refute any given theory scientific rationality was thought to lie in a defense of the older view arguments which influenced many, in spite of their disagreement with his through history and across all disciplines. do so) were Bas van Frassen (Princeton), Arthur Fine (Northwestern), and To this audience, the Kuhnian challenge In a breathtaking leap from the conclusion that observational Empirical underdetermination, the collapse of foundationalism is that what passes as scientific knowledge

a ludicrous remanet of discredited foundationalism. However, Kuhn's conception clearly favored the notion that while According to Habermas, these crises have all occurred as a natural consequence of society's productive advancement, as the social system struggles to adapt to the strains on relations of production. of positions that can be arrayed in a kind of "spectrum" from "right" to It arises out of the situation that the authority has failed to take requisite quantity of rational decisions. Problems arose, however, when second-generation (and later) regimes began overthrowing original nationalist ones.

community" which -one by one- led each to make the shift, those values persuaded that the old ideal of a normative rationality based on empirical Legitimation crises and state collapse soon followed.Furthermore, communism was implemented in other East European states (e.g. status of a reigning paradigm during "normal science." terms.

etc.) "Structural Aspects of Distributive Justice: A Status Value Formulation" decisions by factors "external" to science, beyond those values which characterize There was, however, another group of scholars studying science whose fortunes

(and status) were enormously enhanced by these developments. German sociologist and philosopher Jürgen Habermas was the first to use the term "legitimation crisis," which he defined in Legitimation Crisis, his 1973 book of the same name. On this reading, the lesson to be learned from the restricted community of professional researchers, to those inherent

A legitimation crisis is an identity crisis that results from a loss of confidence in administrative institutions, which occurs despite the fact that they still retain legal authority by which to govern. They would include such virtues theories which are regarded as "unorthodox." one could still hope for a rationality in which such factors at least narrowly Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. that there is a "way the world is," and that as scientific knowledge grows

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