History . "The regime stonewalled.

Assad held fast, however, and stepped up attacks on the rebels and citizens. In December, amid growing concern that Assad was preparing to unleash chemical weapons on the opposition, President Barack Obama said such a move would cross a "red line" and would merit a response.In a speech in early January, Assad repeated that he would not negotiate with the rebels, who he labeled "terrorists," and that he had no intention of stepping down.By the end of February 2013, about 70,000 people, mostly civilians, had been killed in the war, 700,000 people fled the country, and some 2 million people declared themselves internally displaced by the war.The U.S. immersed itself more deeply in the war at the end of February, when U.S. secretary of state John Kerry traveled to Syria and announced an additional $60 million in aid to the opposition Free Syrian Army.
If he fled or stepped down, the Alawites feeling betrayed might turn on him, and by remaining in power he risked being killed by rebel fighters.While most nations have refrained from sending troops to back the opposition, several, including the U.S. have sent financial and humanitarian aid. Nevertheless, Assad dug in his heels and refused to budge. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon invited Iran at the last minute but then quickly uninvited Syria's closest ally when it refused to accept terms of the talks requiring Assad to step aside and allow for the formation of a transition government.

Several reports said the attack was an inside job, suggesting weaknesses in Assad's grip on power. 6.

Many rebels and citizens expressed outrage that Hezbollah turned its guns on fellow Muslims, citing Syria's support of Lebanon during its war with Israel.The UN reported in early July that the death toll in the civil war had surpassed 100,000.Ghassan Hitto stepped down as the prime minister of the opposition Syrian National Coalition in early July. The agreement set several benchmarks Syria must meet before the 2014 deadline. The opposition began to lose support within Syria and in the international community as its attacks grew increasingly brutal and gratuitous and the emergence of the jihadists resulted lack of leadership and infighting among the rebels.In November 2012, Syria's opposition groups agreed to form a new governing body that will unify the many rebel groups under one umbrella. The incident increased tension between the two countries.

Turkey, once a close ally of Syria, endorsed the council and allowed members of the Free Syrian Army, a militia of army deserters, to set up camp within its borders. In mid-August, Obama issued a statement demanding that Assad resign and increased sanctions against Syria, freezing all Syrian assets held under U.S. jurisdiction and banning U.S. citizens and companies from doing business with the Syrian government. Syria responded by moving about 3,000 troops from the vicinity of Beirut to eastern Lebanon, a gesture viewed by many as merely cosmetic.On Feb. 14, 2004, Lebanon's former prime minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated. However, Syria became independent again on Sept. 29, 1961, following a revolution.In the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, Israel quickly vanquished the Syrian army. The assistance will not come in the form of weapons but will include food aid, medical supplies, and materials to help beef up security and infrastructure.In March, the opposition coalition elected Ghassan Hitto, a Syrian-born American computer executive who until recently lived in Texas, as prime minister of the opposition Syrian National Coalition.

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