Beginning in April 1919, Polish rule ushered in a period of abuse, arrests, and severe attacks against Jews by various segments of the Polish population.

Its administrative staff, which is chosen by members of the community, is active in the areas of religion, social welfare, and culture. Vilnius dispute, post-World War I conflict between Poland and Lithuania over possession of the city of Vilnius (Wilno) and its surrounding region. The religious worldview of Vilna’s Jews tended toward the rationalistic, a factor reflected in the During the nineteenth century, Vilna experienced a renaissance, with the city again becoming an important political and economic center. To frustrate Polish This period was marked by incessant tension between Poles and Jews, including the boycotting of Jewish stores, prohibitions on kosher slaughter, deliberate discrimination against Jewish students at the local university (from 1931 on), and physical attacks that frequently escalated into pogroms. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Jewish community of Vilna reflected an array of ideological and political movements. The devastation brought by the wars, coupled with frequent plagues, repeated fires, and the continuing hostility from the local gentile population, led to a decline in the city’s economic status. Jerzy Ochmański, "The National Idea in Lithuania from the 16th to the First Half of the 19th Century: The Problem of Cultural-Linguistic Differentiation", Piotr S. Wandycz, The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918, University of Washington Press, 1974, p. 166.Robert Blobaum, "Feliks Dzierzynski and the SDKPIL a study of the origins of Polish Communism", page 39: Vilniaus patuštinimas // Dabartis, nr. This demographic change was also expressed in an intracommunal balance of power; families representing the former political and economic elite gradually ceded power to newcomers such as the Opatów, The stature of the community was confirmed in 1847 when Sergei Uvarov, the Russian minister of education, gave his approval for the government-sponsored rabbinical and teachers’ In 1844, the Russian government abolished the institution of As a result of the religious dispute that had split the community during the second half of the eighteenth century, the heads of the rabbinic court served as acting communal rabbis. (YIVO)Nurses and children at a TOZ (Society for Safeguarding the Health of the Jewish Population) nursery, Vilna, 1934. Some Jews were sent to labor camps in the Vilna region. Some historians identify the city with Voruta, a forgotten capital of King Mindaugas.

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